Papilledema

The characteristics of papilledema are

DISC SWELLING INDISTINCT MARGINS HYPEREMIA OF THE DISC HEMORRHAGES TORTUOSITY OF VESSELS ABSENCE OF SPONTANEOUS VENOUS PULSES BILATERAL VISION IS USUALLY NORMAL

28.	SLIDE 28 shows early papilledema showing many of the features noted above. The disc appears elevated and the vessels are obscured as they fall over the edge of the elevated nerve head. The disc here is more hyperemic than normal and the vessels are more tortuous.
29.	SLIDE 29 shows typical tortuosity of vessels off the edge of the disc with indistinct and blurred margins.
30.	SLIDE 30 shows a highly elevated disc with the characteristic obscuration of vessels at the disc margin. The disc is pinker than normal due to venous obstruction of the small vessels on its surface.
31.	SLIDE 31 shows a hemorrhage at the 11:00 position, a very abnormal finding in an otherwise healthy nerve head. Note that physiologic cup is retained even at this late stage.
32.	SLIDE 32 shows chronic papilledema with a rather dramatically elevated nerve head.